Survival Guide

Most of us like to go off on adventures - hiking in the mountains, sailing on the sea, or flying to another state or country. You don't have to be an adventurer to meet with disaster. Billions of people live in places where there are volcanoes, earthquakes, floods & hurricanes. Knowing what to do during an emergency can make the difference between life and death. Never go looking for adventures like that are described below - NEVER put yourself or other in a dangerous situation to see if this advice works. When traveling make sure your up to date on the wild life species, insects included (1 bite from a spider can cause death). The more information you have on the area you'll be traveling in the safer your adventure.

Note to Parents: This Survival Guide is detailed and should be read & explained to your child. There is useful information for persons of any age. 

Sections

1. Animal Dangers    2. Natural Dangers    3. Human Hazards    4. Basic Survival Skills    5. Basic First Aid    6. Tying Knots

Section 1

A. Snake Bites 

    Snakes live all over the world, but especially in warm places. They're found on the ground, in water, and in the branches of the trees. In Pennsylvania there are 21 different species There are following snake population:  Venomous (Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake, Northern Copperhead, Timber Rattlesnake). Non Venomous (Black Racer, Black Rat Snake, Eastern Garter, Eastern Hognose Snake, Eastern King Snake, Eastern Milk Snake, Eastern Ribbon Snake, Eastern Worm Snake, Kirtland's Snake, Northern Brown Snake, Northern Ring-neck Snake, Northern Water Snake, Queen Snake, Rough Green Snake, Short-head Garter, Smooth Earth Snake, Smooth Green Snake - for more information on Snakes native to PA please follow this link http://sites.state.pa.us/Fish/faqampr.htm to the Pennsylvania Fish & Boat Commission for more detailed information and Fact's). If your walking in snake country - always wear long pants, thick socks, and boots. Keep to marked trails. Never move rocks or logs with your bare hands (snakes love to hide). Never climb trees that have very thick leaves (snakes use it as cover to sneak attack there victims). Never swim in muddy rivers (you won't be able to see what's swimming with you).  If you see a snake - stand very still (odds are they'll move away). Don't go near it or try to touch it (they might consider it an attack and defend themselves by biting). Never prod or kill it (snakes are an important part of our ecosystem). Back away slowly & give it lots of room (a snake would rather back down than attack something larger than it's self). Snakes can strike half their body length in an instant, and some are over 6 ft. long.

                                           Copperhead Snake                  Timber Rattlesnake                  Eastern Rattlesnake

Notice the markings: Copperhead has a copper colored head, Timber rattler has whitish head & the Eastern rattler has markings on it's head.         

    What to do if you find yourself bitten: Find a doctor right away, even if you don't know if the snake was poisonous or not. Bites can cause infections & allergic reactions. It you can't reach a doctor within 30 minutes, wrap a bandage about 3 inches above the bite to slow the flow of venom (make sure the bandage is loose enough to slip a finger underneath it). NEVER try to suck out the venom (you can swallow it, causing the poison to flow through your body through another source - your stomach ). NEVER try to cut out the poison (you could start an infection). Don't put anything cool (such as ice on the bite).

    How to treat a bite: Wash the bite with soap & water as soon as possible, cover it with a clean cloth (it's wise to always carry a first aide kit with you when out on your adventures). Keep the area that's been bitten immobile in a position that's lower than your heart (make a splint with sticks - moving the limb increases blood flow, causing the poison to pump faster through your body). If you are sprayed in the eyes with venom, wash it out with whatever you have on hand (water, milk, or even urine if you have too!).

B. Shark Attacks

    Sharks live all over the world. There are over 370 different types of sharks. Very few sharks are a danger to swimmers, the sharks that do attack usually live in warm waters (such as the Florida Keys, Australia, Pacific Ocean). Sharks sometimes follow boats (if you see a shark don't enter the water). A shark that allows itself to be seen may simply be curious about you (try to remain calm - thrashing in the water will attract more attention to you). If a shark attacks your boat, try to frighten it away with big actions & loud noises (as a last resort jab it on the nose with a paddle - remember the teeth in the sharks mouth are razor sharp). If you are in the water, get out as quickly & quietly as possible (swim using breast strokes, do not shout, splash, or kick wildly in the water (you may sound like a wounded animal to the shark).

Imagine those teeth sinking into you!

    Avoiding a Shark Attack: Try to swim with other people (sharks are more likely to attack a lone swimmer than a group). Never swim after dusk (though sharks will attack during the day, they are most active in the evening). Never go in to the sea if your are bleeding (they can smell blood and it'll attract them like a dinner bell). Never wear a watch or jewelry in the water (glitter objects look like fish scales to them). Never swim where people are fishing (dead fish & bait may attract the sharks). If you are diving or surfing, do not lie on the surface (from below you may look like a sea turtle or seal or other shark prey).

    If you are attacked: Try to punch or poke the shark in the eyes or it's gills (if you have any equipment in your hands use it as a weapon). Keep hitting the shark (it may decide to give up and look for an easier prey). If a shark bumps you in the water and then swims away, it maybe preparing for another attack (get out of the water as soon as you can). If your wounded, find help and get the hospital as soon as you can. Shark bites cause blood loss and infection. The wound will need cleaned and dressed or maybe even stitching. Stay alert when your in the water (about 100 people die each year from shark attacks).

C. Bear Attacks

    Bears live in the mountains and forest, where they feed on small mammals, fish, and plants. They are shy creatures, but also curious, so if you hike or camp in the forest, there is a slim chance you'll see one. Stay on marked trails. As you walk along, talk loudly, call out, clap your hands, or sing (this will frighten bears away). Walk in a group (never wander off alone). Never hike at night (Bears are most active at night). Bears can smell food from a long distance away (wrap any food you have and store it in a bear safe container). Dispose of your trash carefully. If you are camping, never eat  or keep any food in your tent (not even a chocolate bar). If you come across a dead animal, leave it alone (look around carefully and move on - you might have scared off a bear having it's lunch, and it's watching you from a close hiding spot). A feeding bear is one of the most dangerous, the other is when they have cubs.

    If you meet a Bear: Don't make eye contact (stand still, keep quite, and back away slowly - the bear will probably leave you alone). Never shout or run away (a bear can run much faster then you can - and can climb a tree just as quickly). Never stop to take a photo. If you are in a car, stay where you are (don't get out or open the windows). Never approach bear cubs, their mother will be near by and will attack to defend her young. Sometimes a bear will charge, but is bluffing (If you can, stand your ground & don't run away). Don't climb a tree (they will follow you).

    If you are attacked: Fall to the ground and roll into a ball (with your hands behind your neck). If you are wearing a backpack, leave it on (it will protect you if the bear cuffs you). Play dead for as long as you can. The bear will probably leave you alone and wander off slowly (make sure you wait awhile, then slowly check to make sure it's gone and there's no other bears). If a bear attacks you at night in your tent, strike back with anything you can (flashlight, rock), aim for the animal's eyes or nose (there just like humans being hit in the eyes or nose is painful), make as much noise as you can. If you are injured, clean the wound and get medical help as soon as you can.

D. Wild Cat Attack

    Wild cats, such as the mountain lion (also known as the cougar, panther, or puma) live in the forest, grasslands, and mountains. They are shy, but will defend their territory if they feel threatened. Don't hike alone, especially after dusk (the cats are active looking for food). Make plenty of noise to reduce the chance of surprising a cat. Keep a lookout for places where a cat might hide (such as rocks, or low-lying bushes). Stay close to the adults in your group, don't walk off alone or straggle behind. Carry a walking stick (it maybe useful to frighten a cat). When a cat is angry it crouches down, flattens it's ears, twitches it's tail & growls.

There awful cute, but very dangerous!

    If you meet a wild Cat: Never approach a cat, give it time and space to escape (they'd rather run than face off with you). Stay calm and face the animal making eye contact, back away slowly (don't run - they'll see you as prey escaping). Pick up younger children (this makes you look bigger and stops them from running away). Speak or growl at the cat, firmly in a loud voice (this will show that your are not prey, you may be a danger to them). If the cat follows you, try to appear larger by opening your jacket, raising your arms & waving them slowly. Do not crouch down or bend over (this makes you look like a 4 legged prey).

   If you are attacked: Without turning your back or bending over, throw branches, stones, anything you have handy (this will frighten the cat). Fight back aggressively, the wild cat needs to understand that you are not prey & might be dangerous to it. Go for the head, aiming for the eyes and mouth. Use anything you can as a weapon (a stick, cap, jacket, or just your bare hands). Protect your neck and throat carefully (this is the area the cat will attack - your jugular veins run in the front of your neck, once severed you can bleed out very quickly!). 

E. Chased by Bee's 

   Many bees are social insects that live in large groups called colonies. They are usually peaceful creatures, but at times they can become very angry and may attack in swarms. Learn to recognize bees' nest, they are brown oval masses attached to tree branches high above the ground, and some bees nest in the ground. Never bother bees. It you see them building a nest near your home, do not disturb them. Bees will sting to defend their nest, and some are extremely dangerous. Call your local pest control to have them removed. If you are near a nest when a swarm is disturbed, sit still for at least five minutes. When the threat has passed, crawl away slowly and carefully. Angry bees may chase you for about 460 ft (the length of a football field). 

    If you are Attacked: Run away at once. Do not swat at the bees (this will make them even angrier). If possible seek shelter and get indoors. If there is no shelter, run through the thickest and bushiest foliage you can find. The branches will spring back and confuse the insects. Do not jump into a pond or river, a swimming pool or any other type of water (the swarm of bees will most likely be waiting when you come up for air). 

    If you are Stung: When a bee stings, it leaves it's sting full of poison in your skin. Remove it gently by brushing it with a fingernail or  pull it out with tweezers. If you have trouble breathing, get medical help immediately - you may be having an allergic reaction.

F. Escape from Ants

      Ants including army or driver/army ants & fire ants, can give nasty stings. Army ants are found in warm, wet rainforest. Fire ants live in South America and the U. S., they all live in large groups called colonies. If you happen upon a colony of ants, get out of it's path. Warn other people (if you can). Lead any young children away from the area. Help the adults carry any babies or small animals. Free any animals from ropes or pens. Horses, goats, & chickens could all be killed if they are in the path of driver ants. Army ants are almost always on the move, they eat all the food in one territory before moving on to the next territory. A column of army ants can measure up to 0.6 miles long, the make raids through the forest killing everything in their path - crickets, spiders, scorpions, snakes & lizards. Ants sting and bite when they are disturbed. Driver ants have very sharp jaws and could kill any animal that is tied up and unable to run. Fire ants sting over and over again, the sting causes a burning feeling and leaves white itchy blisters.

Driver/Army Ants

    If you are attacked: If you walk into a colony of ants on the march, keep still, or you will break the trail of scent that the ants are following. If their scent trail is disturbed, the ants will probably run in all directions - perhaps even up your body. Do not shake your legs in panic. If you alarm the ants, they can produce a special chemical (which makes the other ants in the colony attack you). If the ants actually attack and sting you, run away fast! The quickest way of getting rid of them is by jumping into water, but be sure it's safe to enter the water (make sure it's not murky). 

    If you are stung: Fire ants - massive stings will cause death with in 30 minutes if medical treatment is not found. Most cases can be treated, move to a safe area to avoid additional stings. Do not scratch the pustules (blisters). Clean the affected area with an anti-bacterial soap. Try to remove the venom. Take an anti-histamine (this will help relieve some of the itching & possible prevent fever in the case of several bites). Apply emu oil to the clean effected area to help the wound heal. (If you have difficulties breathing, nausea, dizziness, shock or wide spread swelling your probably having an allergic reaction, if possible seek medical attention as soon as possible). Army/Driver ants - Move to a safe area away from the ants, wash the area. Apply baking soda, calamine lotion or meat tenderizer to the bite site. Seek medical attention if possible. Stay alert when your in there habit, a large enough colony can devour a human. 

Section 2

A. Escape from Quicksand

   Quicksand is soft, wet, sticky sand that is easy to sink in. The ground you walk on is resting on water. Quicksand is found where water & sand or clay are side by side (riverbeds, ocean coast, prairies, and mountain streams). Know where your going to be walking when your out on your adventure. Take a sturdy pole or walking stick with you (test the ground before you step). Places that are well known for having areas of quicksand usually have warning signs, so watch out for them!

    If you get caught in Quicksand: Quickly warn anyone who is behind you (you will probably need there help in getting out). Try to reach firm ground or grab something like a tuft of grass that might help you pull yourself free. Take off your backpack & anything else that might weigh you down. If someone else is caught in quicksand, don't plunge into the quicksand (you'll only get yourself trapped also). Tell the person to stay calm, & move slowly. Find a long stick or branch, lay down at the edge of the quicksand and hold out the branch so the person can grab it, pulling the person to safety. If you do get stuck in quicksand, try to remain calm. Don't panic, don't thrash around (the more you move the faster the quicksand will pull you down). Only make slow movements. Lean backwards and spread your arms & legs out (this should help you float). If you have a stick with you, lean across it. Then move it crosswise under your hips, where it will help support you as you move. Gently push yourself towards firmer ground, taking the shortest route you can.  

B. Surviving a  Hurricane

    Hurricanes are dangerous, swirling storms that bring high seas, huge waves, heavy rains, and terrifying winds. They start over the sea, then head towards land where they can cause serious damage. Hurricanes happen between the months of June & October, north of the equator and between November & March south of the equator.

    If you live in a Hurricane area: Help to make sure your house is sturdy and in good repair (most damage in a hurricane is caused by blowing debris). Make sure there is plenty of wooden boards, batteries, tools, canned food, water, and a working radio in the house at the start of hurricane season. Always be alert for hurricane warnings & watches, these are usually given 36 hours in advance.

    If your going to ride out a Hurricane: Help board up windows & doors. If there's a risk of flooding, move valuable things upstairs. If you live near the coast or in a mobile home, you will be told to evacuate (make sure your family allows plenty of time to do this). Take your pets with  you or lock them inside the house. Leave them food and water (pets will not be allowed at evacuation shelters). Find a safe room, cellar or hall way with no windows in your home to prepare to ride out the storm in. Furnish this area with everything you'll need for 72 hours. Stay indoors once the storm begins, stay away from windows. Keep the windows shut tightly. If the power goes out, use candles or flashlights. Be prepared for a lot of noise. Hurricane winds can blow up to 150 mph, and last for a long time (your home will most likely be hit by flying debris). The middle of the hurricane is called the eye, it's a calm spot in the storm (which can be very deceiving, allowing people to think the storm has passed). Listen to the radio for hourly updates and evacuation information, only go outside when you are given the okay that the hurricane is over.

C. Surviving a Earthquake

    Earthquakes are movements deep inside the earth. During earthquakes the ground shakes violently, roads break up, buildings & bridges can collapse. Earthquakes happen very suddenly and are very difficult to predict. Make sure you know what to do so your prepared. Get an adult to make sure there's a fire extinguisher, plenty of batteries, and a supply of canned food, and water in your home. Learn where the closes public shelter is, you may need to evacuate you home or hotel.

    What to do: Try to stay clam, tremors are usually over very quickly. If your at home, stay inside. Take cover under a table, stand, doorway or next to an inside wall. Stay out of the kitchen & away from glass, furniture that might fall & chimneys. If your in school or a public building, get under a desk, stand, doorway or next to an inside wall. Do not rush for an exit or stairway, & don't get into an elevator (you may be come trapped in them). If you are outside, stay there, move away from buildings, bridges, power lines, anything that might collapse. Stay in an open area until the shaking stops. 

    After the earthquake is over: After the shaking has stopped, check yourself for injuries. Check with your family members are they all uninjured and accounted for? Beware of broken glass, broken gas pipes, downed power lines. Broken gas pipes and downed power lines often get damaged during earthquakes and can start a fire. Have an adult check your home or hotel carefully, do not use candles or matches, or open flames in case there is a gas leak. Make sure your gas line is turned off. If you smell gas leave the building right away and send for help. Be prepared for aftershocks, listen to the radio for news. If you must leave the area, do it on foot, taking something to protect your head. Keep away from all buildings and power lines (they may have been damaged by the earthquake, and it may only take a mild aftershock to cause them to fall).

D. Surviving a Avalanche

    An avalanche is a huge mass of snow that surges down a mountain at very high speeds burying everything in it's path, skier, trees, villages & roads. Avalanches occur on steep slopes, after a recent heavy snowfall, on warm afternoon, or are sometimes deliberately set off to control them. Usually in areas where control avalanches take place, there are numerous warning signs. Never ski or hike alone in back country without a qualified guide. Avoid crossing steep slopes. If your in a group skiing or hiking together, space yourselves out (that way if some of your are caught in an avalanche the other's can dig you out). Avalanches happen very quickly and move very fast, the odd of out running them are slim.

    If you are caught: Drop your backpack (which you wouldn't be without - in colder climates you'd need supplies when hiking in wilderness terrain & most skier where fanny packs with supplies) & other gear. Do not attempt to out ski or out run the avalanche. It's traveling faster than you can move. Try to stay up right and move to the edge of the avalanche where the force is less powerful. Try to stay on the surface, grad a tree or rock, or thrust yourself upward by kicking (just like your swimming). If you get knocked down, let go of your ski poles and try a sort of swimming stroke, if your falling head first try the breaststroke; if feet first try the backstroke. When you come to a stop, curl up into a ball & put your hands over your head in front of your face. Rotate your head to make an air pocket. To find out which way is up, spit into your hands and feel which way the saliva runs. Try pushing one hand to the surface to attract attention, but don't waste energy trashing about unless your can see daylight. Breathe steadily to preserve your energy & oxygen. Don't yell until rescuers are near, the snow will stop your voice from carrying. Specially trained dogs are used in most avalanche prone areas to help with recovery. 

E. Avoid being struck by Lightning

    Lightning is a bolt of electricity. It starts inside towering thunderclouds where ice crystals whiz around so fast that the clouds begin to crackle, during the storm giant sparks surge to the ground. No where is completely safe from lightning. Learn how far away a storm is so you know how much time you have to find shelter. To figure out how far away a storm is, count the seconds between the flash of lightning, and the sound of thunder. Divide the number of seconds by 5 to learn the distance in miles. If the storm is with in 5 miles try to find a safe place immediately.

    What to do if your caught: Seek shelter inside a car with the windows up and the doors closed, the car tires will not conduct the electricity. Seek shelter inside a building & shut all the doors and windows. Don't stand by windows. Don't use the telephone (except in emergencies). Avoid wide open spaces, hilltops, high ridges. Never seek shelter under trees (lightning usually strikes the highest object). Stay away from wire fences or metal objects, get rid of any metal objects you may have on you (like umbrellas, keys, necklaces, rings). If your hair starts to stand on end, it means the air is charged with electricity, & lightning strikes are possible. Drop to your knees & bend over, keeping your head low. Do not lie flat. Wait for the storm to pass your area completely, there's a risk of being stuck over half hour after the thunder & rain have stopped. If your out in the wilderness, seek shelter in a cave or where ever you can find away from trees that may fall. 

F. Surviving a Tornado

    Tornado's are whirling wind funnels that destroy everything in it's path. There's never much warning before it strikes, so it's important you know what to do. If you live in a tornado country, prepare an emergency supply kit. You'll need a well equipped first aid kit, flashlight, batteries, can opener, 3 day supply of food, water & other medicines. Choose a safe place in your home for a tornado shelter, the best place is a small inside room without windows (bathroom, closet or if possible a basement inside wall - if you don't have a suitable place find out  where you closest emergency shelter is). Make sure you have a plan inside you are separated, call an out of town friend or relative to say where you are (most of your local area will probably be without power or phone lines, try investing in a cell phone). Learn the difference between a tornado watch (when there is a threat of tornadoes) & a tornado warning (when a tornado has been spotted). It there's a tornado watch, get ready to move to your shelter you may only have a few minutes before it strikes. Always be alert during a thunderstorm, most tornadoes occur during this time. Tornados can be invisible, a cloud of dust maybe be the only thing invisible until it starts picking up buildings causing debris). Before a tornado the wind may die down & the air become still.

    If you get caught: If you are outside or in a mobile home, go to an emergency shelter, or an inside hallway, basement with a strong foundation. Avoid places with large roofs (theaters, restaurants, shopping malls, schools). Stay away from windows & glass doors. Get under a table or desk and hold on tightly, if you are in a car get out and seek shelter in a building. Never try to out drive a tornado, the wind can change direct and lift your car up. If you can see the tornado, move at right angles away from it's path. Lie down in a ditch away from you car, trees or power lines. Cover you head and neck. After the tornado, see if you injured or anyone else in your family. Use the telephone (if your able) for emergency calls only. Only return to your home if your sure it's safe, check for gas leaks - don't use any electricity until you do so. If you smell gas, leave immediately. Don't drink the water if you think your pipes maybe be damaged. Listen to the radio for the latest information.

G. Surviving a Blizzard

    A Blizzard is a winter storm with strong winds, driving snow & poor visibility (sometimes 0). At the beginning of the winter season you should get your family to make sure your car is carrying everything you might need to survive for a few days, or to move about in server weather (chains or snow tires for your vehicle, jumper cables, bag of sand, shovel, windshield scraper, tow rope, flashlights, blankets, snacks (what won't go bad quickly), extra clothing & a bright cloth or flare (to attract attention), and if possible a cell phone. Always listen to your local weather station for updates on incoming sever weather.

    If you get caught: Seek shelter right away, stay in side if possible. If you happen to be caught outside, don't try to travel to safety (you'll have to wait the storm out where you are - remember your survival skills). Dig at trench in the snow and line it with branches to protect you from the wind. Make a roof of branches too, mark your shelter in some way (a bright piece of extra clothing, scarf, ski pole - so rescue personnel can find you easy). If the snow is very deep dig yourself a snow hole in a bank. Cold air sinks so make sure the entrance to your shelter is lower than the place where you sit or lay (make sure you make an air hole - and keep it cleared). If your stuck in your car, stay there (If you leave your could easily get lost in the blinding snow). Hang something from your antennae if you can. Only run the engine in 10 minutes each hour (to keep the car warm - make sure the window is kept slightly open). Clap your hands and keep moving your legs to keep the blood circulating. Be careful if you must dig in heavy snow (don't overtire yourself - cold can be a deadly enemy). If your home, help adults check on your neighbors to see that they have enough heat, water & food.

H. Surviving in the Desert

    The desert gets less than 10 inches of rain a year. It's a dry, very harsh place. Most deserts the days are scorching hot by day, & very cold at night. If you must travel in the desert, travel at night or in the early morning when it's cooler. Stay fully clothed during the day (the sun will burn your skin very quickly - and take the precious water from you body). Protect your eyes with sunglasses, if you don't have nay rub dirt or ask under your eyes to help cut down on the glare. Always protect your head, if you don't have a hat, make a covering from leaves or cloth. Don't ration water. Drink as much as you need. Avoid exercise or work, have plenty of rest & water (otherwise you could develop a heat stroke). If the car breaks down, stay by it (it makes it easier to find you).

    If you find yourself: If your traveling in desert country - be prepared! Pack the car very carefully with spare gas, spare parts, good maps, & a signaling tool. Take plenty of water (each person needs at least 1 gallon per day). Always tell someone where your going and when you plan to return (so they know where to search if you fail to show up at your destination or return home). Make use of the car or any natural shelter if you find yourself stranded in the desert. If you have to build a shelter wait until it is cool. Make shade by building a low wall with rocks or branches & digging a deep trench on the shady side. Or stretch a double layer of clothes over piles of rocks (hold it down with stones and get under it). Find somewhere off the ground to rest (keep a close eye for snakes, and insects, especially spiders ). If you don't have water, put a large plastic bag over a cactus or other plant in he sun. Blow up the bag and then tie it closed. In time, water will collect in the bag. In the early morning, collect dew from the surface of objects (metal, shiny leaves, stones), with a cloth and squeeze into a container. Look for signs of water, fresh vegetation & flocks of birds. Signs of an underground well such as an old campsites & crisscrossing paths. Cut open cactus stems & chew (don't swallow them) the fleshy part. It contains juices. If your short of water, don't eat (the body uses water for digestion). Keep a mirror handy, it's a good signaling too - it can be seen from any direction.

I. Surviving at Sea

   Surviving at Sea is much harder than on land. If you go to sea, be prepared for emergencies by taking food supplies & navigation/signaling equipment with you. Always wear lifejackets or other buoyancy aides. Learn to swim before you go. Make sure you have a good first aid kit (essentials are navigation/signaling equipment, flashlight, drinking water, dry clothes, blankets, canned food, fishing gear, batteries, flares). 

    If you find yourself: If you find yourself overboard in the water, hold on to anything that will float. Grab as much material as you can. It may be useful to you. If you don't have a lifejacket on, a pair of pants can keep you afloat. (Tie the legs together at the ankles, blow air into the pants. Put them over your head so there's a leg on either side of you, holding onto the waistband tight to your stomach. In the water your body loses heat quickly, get out as soon as you can. If you happen to be lucky and have a lifeboat, stay on board for as long as possible. Make sure you have your survival supplies with you before boarding the boat. Stay near the place the boat went down (rescuers will be looking for you there). Try to make a canopy to protect you from the sun, wind & rain. Keep yourself fully clothed. Drink water as you need it, never drink salt water or urine (if your short of water, don't eat). Keep a lookout for clouds & be ready to catch rain. Collect it in shoes, bags and plastic sheets. Make a fishing line from twisted thread, adding a fishing hook or make one from wire or wood. Fish day and night at different depths. It's safe to eat raw fish. Use a mirror or flares to signal to any passing boat or planes.

J. Surviving a Flood

    A flood is when water from streams, rivers and lakes leave there banks (or can be when hurricanes come on shore, causing storm surges). The water can rise very quickly (with devastating speed) or very slowly (over the course of a few days) in a flood. If you live in a flood prone area, listen to you local weather station for flood warnings. Take them seriously, always be ready to leave your home quickly. Flash floods are not easy to predict, heavy rains can cause dry riverbeds to become fast moving streams quickly. Keep sandbags ready, keep a supply of canned food (that doesn't require cooking) and water on hand. Decide on the safest route to higher ground, have a meeting place for your family. 

    If you under a flood warning: Help move animals to higher ground (keep your safety in mind first). Never take a car through a flooded road. Just 2 feet of water can carry a car away. Never walk a crossed a flowing stream if it's above your knees, never cross dry riverbeds in a flashflood area, never cross water in the dark. If you are swept away in moving water try to grad for any floating material and try to make it to safe ground. Fill bath tubs, sinks & other containers with fresh water, move any valuables upstairs. After a flood if your returning home, don't drink the water supply - use your stored water (the water supply maybe contaminated).

K. Surviving a Brush Fire

    Brush & Forest fires start very easily when the weather is hot & plants are dry. In a strong breeze this fires can spread at a rapid pace. A forest fire can burn the size of 400 soccer fields in 1 hour. 

    If your caught: If your at home, listen to the radio for warnings. Always follow the fire department's advice. Be prepared to leave quickly, make sure your family has an escape plan & a meeting place. If you have time wet your house with a garden hose. Be alert you can smell a fire before you see it. Look for animals acting nervous. Think about which way the wind is blowing (is the fire moving in your direction - or toward your exit). If the wind is behind the fire, the flames will move very fast (often jumping roads). Don't try to out run it. Look for a road, stream or a natural break in the trees that would offer little fuel for the fire. Stay there until the fire passes. If you can wet your clothes, & put something damp over your head.

L. Surviving in a Frozen Wilderness

    Surviving in the Frozen Wilderness is one of the most challenging places on the earth. The extreme cold & biting winds make it difficult to survive. Never travel alone in these conditions, make sure someone knows where you going. If your traveling in these elements, be prepared. Make sure you have supplies necessary to survive (signaling/navigation equipment, tools, first aid kit, matches, and other fire making items (you won't be able to find much lying around). Wear warm clothing, several layers of light warm wear. Wind-resistant  waterproof jacket, a couple pairs of socks, and good pair of water proof boots. (The layers of clothing will hold the warm air & insulate the body - the jacket keeps the cold out). Unzip or remove a layer of clothes whenever you feel warm. Protect your hands by wearing a thin pair of gloves inside waterproof mittens. Tinted goggles protect against the glare & keeps snow/ice out of your eyes. Have a warm waterproof sleeping bag (it will stop you from freezing at night). 

    If your caught: Build a small shelter out of the wind, in a place where the snow will not drift. It could be a lean to shelter, a snow trench, snow cave or a natural shelter such as a tree hollow or rocky cave. Lay tree branches on the floor of your shelter to insulate you from the ground. Build a fire with dry moss, birch twigs, or larger branches if you can find them (if not rely on your fire supplies). You may need a wind break to keep the fire going, a wall of branches or stones on the opposite side of your fire will reflect heat back into your shelter. Melt snow & ice over your fire, straining the water through layers of cloth. Boil it before drinking. In the summer months, look for bird's eggs, berries. Fish for trout & salmon in streams & lakes. In the winter, catch fish through a hold in the ice (cut a hold in the ice about 1 foot a crossed). 

Section 3

A. Escaping a Car in Water

    If your caught: The most important thing to remember is don't panic, panic makes people forget the simplest things. Before your car/truck hits the water open as many windows as you can. Remember electric windows won't work once the car is under water. Get out as soon as possible while your car is still floating (you may have less than a minute). If  your car is starting to go under water, undo your seat belt. You won't be able to open the door (the water pressure pushing against it will make it impossible), use the open window. It may be hard getting out the window as water will be rushing in. Take a deep breath & swim out of the car. If you can't get your windows open in time, find something sharp to break the glass (screwdriver, hammer, use your foot if you have too!). Remember the windshield & rear window are harder to break (there made of tempered glass). If you can't get the window broken to escape the sinking car, stay calm. If the car tips or turns upside down, hold onto the steering wheel or door handle to keep yourself in place. When the water level reaches your chin, take a deep breath. By now you should be able to open a door (the water pressure won't be as sever). Get out and to the surface as quickly as possible.

B. Avoid being Crushed in a Crowd

    Before you attend a large crowded event, plan where your going to be standing (some places will be less crowded & easier to leave than others). Look for exit signs.

    If your caught: Stay calm & stay alert (look around for possible escape routes). If your inside a building, look for exit signs (try to check for exits when you enter an event). 

C. Surviving a Plane Crash

    Always listen carefully to the safety instructions at the beginning of the flight (they may make the difference between life & death - keep in mind each kind of plane is different). Look around to see where the closest exit is, count the number of seat rows (you may have to exit the plane in the dark or smoke). Look at the emergency hatches & see how they open (ask a crew member to explain how they work if your unsure). Where comfortable clothes (such as natural fabrics - cotton or wool, these will not melt in a fire). 

    If your caught: If your plane is going down bend forward with your hands on your head. If your over water put your life vest on, don't inflate it until you have left the plane. Leave your bags behind. Move away from fire or smoke.

D. Escaping from a Burning Building

    Being prepared is key to surviving a fire. Make sure there is a fire extinguisher in your house. Have a smoke alarm on every floor. Make a good escape plan (you need to have 2 ways out of every room). Have practice drills, make sure the escape routes will work. Set a meeting place somewhere outside (everyone will probably not be able to exit from the same place. 

    If your caught: Leave as quickly as possible (as soon as you hear the smoke alarm), closing all doors behind you (never use elevators). Don't waste time trying to take your belonging with you. If you must go through the smoke, crawl along the floor (the air is easier to breath there). Cover your nose & mouth with a wet cloth if possible. Never open a door that is hot to the touch. If you can't escape safely, try to go to a room with a window & telephone. Use anything you can find to seal air vents & cracks around the door. Call the fire department & let them know where in the building you are (wave something at the window so they can see you). 

E. Escaping from a Sinking Ship

    Stay calm. When boarding the ship always take part in safety drills & read the safety notices displayed (these will explain emergency signals - how to put on a life jacket & where the life boats are). Make a mental note of the passageway signs & stairways are (large ships can be very easy to get lost in). 

    If your sinking: Stay calm. If there is time put on warm clothing & put on your life jacket. React quickly, listen for safety announcements & follow them quickly. If your below deck, get up on deck as quickly as possible. Get to a life boat. If the ship is starting to lean and you haven't made it to the deck yet, grad a hold on to pipe work or some other fixture and try to make your way to the deck. Avoid jumping into the water if possible. If you have to enter the water, swim to a lifeboat if possible, or a floating object. Otherwise keep still (it will keep you from loosing precious body heat). 

Section 4

A. Preparing for a Trip

    Before you set out make sure you've made preparations carefully. Pack the right clothing for the climate you'll be visiting. If your visiting foreign counties make sure your vaccinations are updated. Pack your essentials - clothes, waterproof matches, whistle, flashlight, compass, map, first aide kit. Make sure you tell someone where you going before you leave. Depending on the type of trip your taking will determine the type of supplies you'll need.

B. Navigational Skills

    It's important to know how to find your way & know where you are. Being able to read a map & compass are useful, other ways can include using the Sun & Stars. 

    Using the Stars: On clear nights you can use 2 constellations in the Northern Hemisphere to find your direction. The Big Dipper & the Southern Cross constellations. In the Northern Hemisphere, the 2 end stars on the bowl of the Big Dipper point towards the Bright North Star, north is below this star on the horizon. In the Southern Hemisphere, draw an imaginary cross (after finding the Southern cross constellation), joining the 4 stars. Following the line down to the horizon, this points towards the south. 

    Using your watch: This works best when the Sun is not directly overhead. In the Northern Hemisphere, point the hour hand towards the sun. Imagine a line halfway between the hour hand & 12'o'clock. This line points south. In the Southern Hemisphere, point the 12'o'clock mark towards the sun. Imagine a line halfway between this mark & the hour hand. This line points north.  Examples:

    You can also approximate when the sunset will take place by, Facing the setting sun. Extend your arms at full length towards the sun, your wrist bent towards you, & your fingers just below the sun. Forget about your thumbs. Then, count how many finger widths separate the sun from the horizon. Count fifteen minutes per finger. This can be very useful when camping. Example:

This would mean there's approximately 1 hour and 15 minutes till sunset.

C. Using a Pocket Knife

    A good pocket knife is an important part of your survival equipment. A nice knife to invest in is a Swiss Army Knife (It has a large blade - grooved for opening, tin opener, scissors, saw, small blade, screwdriver, hook, corkscrew, reamer for making holes). Keep your knife sharp, a dull knife can be dangerous and not very useful. Use a sharpening stone to keep it sharp. Always cut away from you (if the knife slips it won't cut you). Don't expect too much from your knife, it's easier to cut thin strips of wood than large chunks. When your finished with your knife, always make sure to clean it and return it to your survival kit. 

D. Finding Drinking Water

     Humans can't survive long without water. Our bodies lose water all the time (more when it's hot or we're working hard). In cool climates we need to drink 4 - 5 pints a day, in hot climates we need twice as much. Loosing too much water leads to dehydration, which is dangerous & can lead to death. If your stranded somewhere without clean drinking water, make a water collector. Use any means you can - spreading out a plastic, rain coat - place a rock in the middle (so you have a lower point for the water to collect in). Watch animals, they might be able to lead you to water. Make sure you purify your water if your collecting it from a stream/river. Filter it by pouring it through a clean sock or something nylon (line the sock with a handkerchief or a handful of find sand). When it's cool weather store the water in a clean container & keep it in the shade (hot weather can grow bacteria in water).       

E. Making a Fire

    Choose a good spot for your fire, well away from bushes, undergrowth or hanging trees. Lay some main fuel on the ground (short sticks about as big as your thumb) to make a platform. Next place a bundle or tinder (dead moss, dead leaves, strips of bark) on the pile. Now place some kindling (fine dry twigs). Then add the main fuel making a tipi shape, then light. Making an all night fire by arranging the embers of your campfire into a long narrow line, find 3 long logs about 6 inches across. Place 1 on each side of the embers, fill the gap in between them with kindling, put the 3rd log on top of the burning kindling. Build a long or stone wall on the far side of the fire to reflect the heat back towards you. You'll need something to start your fire, you can use matches, something reflective to use the sun's rays also. 

F. Finding Food

    Most times you'll have the food you need for your adventure, but in an emergency it useful to know how to find the food you make need. Depending on the habit and climate the foods will differ (make sure your familiar with the climate and natural resources before you take your adventure). These different items are safe to eat, seaweed, crabs, shrimp, shellfish, water beetles, water-lily tubers, eels, berries, nuts, burdock, nettles, sorrel, insects, snails, worms, roots, lichens, grasshoppers, termites, butterflies, bees, only eat foods that you recognize. If your not sure - don't eat them. (Just about all the food's listed above need boiled prior to eating). 

G. Storing & Cooking Food

    When your out in the wild you won't have any refrigeration, so fresh food will go bad quickly. Always cook & eat fresh food quickly, and keep all stored food covered. If you have to store in food either dry it or store it in a hanging net (you main objective is to keep flies off the food - flies carry disease and germs). If you must preserve extra meat or fish, make sure you dry it first (by cutting it into thin strips laying them above a smoky fire on a tripod grill - for fruits, cut them into thin pieces and put them in the sun). You can also cook with hot rocks (make a bed or large, flat stones, put tinder & kindling on the top & let it burn for a half hour. Brush away the ashes carefully. Cook your food on the hot rocks, you can wrap the food in leaves or grass to keep the ashes off of it.

H. Making Shelter

    Building a shelter is simple and very useful when your stranded/lost. Look for any natural shelter from the weather, such as a cave, hill, large rock, a clump of bushes, or a large spread of tree. Make sure the ground is flat, checking that it's dry (avoid hollows in the ground where water will run into when it rains). Make your shelter with what ever materials you can find, a lifeboat, parachute, stones, rocks, branches or leaves. If you can find branches, tie them together with a natural string (vine/plant fibers braided together) to make a strong triangle frame (1 long & 2 short branches - large enough for you to lay in). Line the walls with short branches, then cover the branches with a 2 foot covering of leaves, moss, grass. Then cover the whole outside with branches or twigs. To make your stay a little more comfortable, make a platform of dead logs (3 feet long & 2 inches round) - lay them out on the ground side by side driving pegs into the ground at the ends to stop the logs from slipping. Next put a layer of springy branches on top the logs, now cover your mattress with a soft material (young branches, leaves, dried moss). 

I. Animal Signs

    When you enter into the wilderness your entering into the world of animals. Most animals, unless they're injured or hungry will stay away from you. Before taking your adventure find out about the local animals. Keep your eyes open for any animal signs, such as tracks, or droppings, scratching and the remains of meals. At night make sure you sleep with a fire if possible, this will help keep any wild animals at bay.

J. Time & Weather

   If you stranded in the wild you'll start to take more notice of your surroundings (shadows, clouds). You can make a sundial to help you keep track of the daylight hours by standing a stick in the ground. On a sunny day mark the stick's shadow early in the morning, at midday, when the sun is over head & in the evening before the sun sets. Draw a semicircle between the first & last points (using another stick and a piece of string). This gives you a sundial on which to measure time. Predicting the weather can help you prepare for oncoming bad weather. Learn to recognize what changing cloud patterns look like. Clouds that bring rain are usually black, low and massed into large groups. Dry weather, clouds are usually high, white & fluffy. Notice the wind, the change of direction or if it strengthens it may mean a change in the weather. Watch for natural changes in the weather, such as pine cones close when the weather is wet & open when it's dry. Remember the saying "Red sky in the morning, sailor take warning - Red sky at night, a sailors delight". 

K. Getting Rescued

    A positive attitude is very important when your lost in the wilderness. If can help you combat fear, pain, hunger & thirst. Stay alert & think about your surroundings. Keep yourself busy & never give up. The emergency signal is SOS you may need to use this. Morse code SOS is 3 short dots (S), 3 dashes long slow signal (O), and another 3 short dots (S). A mirror, CD, signal fire, flares, whistle, puffs of smoke, flashes of light are some different ways of sending a signal. Cell phones are extremely useful. 

L. Getting Out

    If your lost you have to decide whether to stay put or try to get out. It's usually best to stay where you are & wait until help arrives. If you lose your way, try to relax and not panic. Use your survival skills you've learned here. Only set out to find your way out if you are in real danger, concentrate on finding shelter, food & water. If you have to set out, climb to the highest point to examine your surroundings, this will help you choose the easiest route. Leave notes or a sign for any rescuers that might come along after you. Mark your trail (especially so you'll know if your traveling in a circle). Don't rush, set a slow steady pace. Take rest breaks. If you come to a river don't cross it. Rivers can be deceiving a swift current can carry you away quickly.

Section 5

A. Treating a Basic Cut

    Clean the cut thoroughly, if it's bleeding apply pressure. Have an adult check it if possible. Apply a bandage with some antibacterial cream.

B. Treating a Deep Cut

    If your out on an adventure medical help won't be available quickly, your main concern will be to stop the bleeding. Apply tight pressure (for 10 minutes). If this doesn't stop the bleeding you might need to apply a tourniquet. Be sure you've learned the proper technique. Try to keep the area still, movement causes the blood to flow faster.

C. Treating a Broken Limb

    Depending on what area that has been effected, will determine the treatment. A broken arm - take a large triangular bandage or cloth  & slide it under the injured arm. Bring 1st corner of the bandage around the back of the neck. Now bring the 2nd up over the arm to meet it, tie the 2 corners together at the shoulder. Fold up the 3rd and pin it in place. A broken leg - take 2 sturdy branches, cutting them the length of the injured leg, tying them with what ever mean you can find (torn strips of clothing, rope, vines) to the injured leg, placing 1 on either side to keep the limb immobile. A broken finger - use the same tourniquet for a broken leg, just using twigs instead.

D. Eye Irrigation 

    Take a drinking cup, placing clean pure water in it. Tilt your head sideways (with the affected eye down towards the ground). Slowly pouring the cup of water on the effected open eye. Do not keep rubbing or try to remove the item. You may cause more damage to the eye. 

E. Treating Blisters

    Wearing comfortable shoes is always a must when taking an adventure. Make sure you don't wear new shoes, break them in first. If your feet start to feel sore when walking, stop and place adhesive tape on them. It could prevent you from getting a blister. If you get a blister, wash the effected area and place a band-aide with antibacterial cream.

F. Treating Burns

    There are 3 different degrees of burns, 1st, 2nd & 3rd (1st degree burns - the skin is reddened, 2nd degree burns - there are blisters on the skin & 3rd degree burns - there is deep tissue damage). All burns are painful. The worse the burn the greater risk of infection. Run cold water over the area as soon as possible. If your burn should blister, don't push the fluid from the blister (this is your bodies own healing agent). Cover with a dry piece of gauze or band-aide. If you are burned severely and can't seek medical help the odd of survival are slim, so remember fire is a very dangerous thing and should be treated with respect, think carefully when your building and around a fire. If you are on fire "Stop, Drop & Roll".

G. Treating the 3 Poisonous Plants

    There are 3 different types of Poisonous Plants well know in the U. S. Poison Ivy - Is  found in almost every part of the U.S. It's leaves are divided into 3 shiny leaflets. It may be a climbing vine or a standing bush. Sometimes it's leaves resemble oak leaves. It has white berries in clusters. Poison Oak - Is a western form of poison ivy. It's leaves are oak leaf shaped, & it usually grows as a shrub and has many white berries. Poison Sumac - Is usually found in the eastern part of the country. It grows in swampy areas, it's leaves are divided into 13 leaflets, and also has white berries.

                                                     Poison Ivy                               Poison Oak                        Poison Sumac

    If you come in contact with: Wash the infected area as soon as possible. Avoid rubbing the area, you'll only spread the poison to other areas of your body. If available put an anti-itch ointment on the infected area. 

G. Treating Hypothermia

    Signs of Hypothermia: the first sign is shivering, the body's way of creating heat to replace that which has been lost. Shivering takes a lot of energy & weakens your resistance to stress. If shivering begins, even once, think of the possibility of hypothermia. If your wet, dry yourself & put on dry clothes if available. Water, in any form on the body, evaporates body heat & basically refrigerates you. So do everything possible to stop shivering and gain warmth. Advanced stages of hypothermia are constant and uncontrollable shivering, difficulty performing ordinary tasks, words become mumbled (shivering lessens & muscles feel stiff, senses become dull and fuzzy). When this stage happens you can no longer help yourself, you will die if you are alone. 

. What you'll need in your First Aid Kit 

    Always pack a first aide kit when you go away (it's a good idea to carry one in your vehicle at all times). It should include sterile pads (several different sizes, some gauze & some non-stick), band-aide's (several different sizes - and water proof), adhesive tape (water proof), antiseptic wipes & cream, scissors, safety pins, matches, thread, needle, ace-bandage, tweezers, anti-itch ointment, shock blanket, mirror. You should also keep road flares, an extra blanket, jug of water, compass, flashlight, and long keeping snack food (if you trapped in your vehicle you'll need the food and water to survive for any length of time). If your going camping or hiking you might want to add a fishing hook, some rope.

Section 6

Tying Basic Knots:

Tying a Overhand Knot: This is the simplest & smallest stopper knot, and is used to begin many more difficult knots. It's generally used on small cord or twine, since it jams & is hard to untie. To tie: Make an overhand loop. Pass the end under & up through the loop, draw it up tightly. 

Tying a Figure 8 Knot: This is a stopper knot & is easier to untie than the overhand knot. To Tie: Make an underhand loop. Bring the end around & over the standing part. Pass the end under then through the loop. Draw tight.

Tying a Square Knot: This is a joiner knot, used to tie parcels, bundles or bandages in first aid. Also to join 2 ends of a rope/string of the same thickness together. To Tie: Pass the left end over & under the right end. Curve what is now the left end towards the right. Cross what is now the right end over and under the left. Draw tight.

This Survival Guide tackles some extreme situations and gives advice on how to cope with them - Ranger Kids can not accept any responsibility for injuries, damages, losses, or prosecutions resulting from the information from this Survival Guide. Information was taken from numerous sources.

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